The theory of relativity is an error in physics; the speed of light excludes the laws of optics.
Introduction.
Physicists studied the propagation of light in a vacuum and in matter through experiments with light over the course of four centuries. The laws of optics were derived from these measured results. The laws of optics were verified many times over the last century via experiments with light and used in measurements and calculations of the optical instruments. The optical instruments are calculated and constructed according to the laws of optics, so they work without problems and accurately define the propagation of light in matter. The theory of relativity defines the propagation of light without the laws of optics. Einstein did not perform any experiment with light, which would prove why the laws of optics do not apply to the theory of relativity.
History
The laws of optics.
The theories and laws of propagation of light in matter were written by famous physicists such as Isaac Newton (1670), Christiaan Huygens (1650), Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1819) and Thomas Young (1800). The law of propagation of light in matter was described by Snell in 1620. Snell’s law of refraction is the law of the light refractive index in matter. The optical instruments are calculated and constructed according to the laws of optics, so they confirm the validity of the laws of optics by their existence. The calculation of a trajectory of a light ray in matter according to the laws of optics is the same as the measured trajectory.
200 years ago André-Marie Ampère expressed basic approach in discovering the laws of physics: „First observe the facts, to vary their circumstances as much as possible, to accompany this first task with exact measurement so as to deduce from them the general laws based solely upon experience, and to deduce from these laws, independently of any hypothesis on the nature of the forces that produce the phenomena, the mathematical value of these forces“. This procedure is now a basic process in discovering the laws of physics. Einstein in his Theory of relativity did not use the basic approach to the measurement of the propagation of light in the interferometers according to the laws of optics.
Theory of relativity and the laws of optics
Isaacson in his book [1] describes in detail the life and scientific career of Einstein. A major benefit of the book is the realistic portrayal of the events from Einstein’s life derived from the original documents. On page 21 of the book, he mentions: „As with the special theory of relativity, also in this case his thinking had evolved through thought experiments“. On page 23 he continues: „Einstein discerned great principles through thought experiments rather than by methodical inductions based on the experimental data“. The thought experiment is just a subjective opinion of one person on the physical experiment; its veracity must be proven through real measurement in the experiment. Isaacson mentions: “Einstein never did any measurements with an interferometer”, which explains why he didn’t apply the laws of optics in the calculation of the propagation of light in matter and in the interferometers.
Einstein in his book: The Theory of relativity [2], on page 96, in the section dealing with light propagation in the air refers to the speed of light in the air along its trajectory: "Of course we must refer to the process of the propagation of light (and indeed every other process) as a rigid reference-body (co-ordinate system). As such a system let us again choose our embankment. We shall imagine the air above it to have been removed. If a ray of light be sent along the embankment..." he continues: “if every ray of light is propagated relative to the embankment with the velocity c, then it seems …". Einstein’s assumption “We shall imagine the air above it to have been removed” is not feasible, it is only Einstein’s unrealistic assumption. It is not possible to create a vacuum around the trajectory; vacuum can be produced only in a laboratory. Since the air is along the trajectory, the speed of light in the air must be calculated according to the laws of optics! The calculation of light trajectory in matter without the laws of optics is a mistake made by Einstein. Einstein as a doctor (PhD) of sciences must have known the laws of optics!
Einstein in the book [3], on page 110, cites speech in London: “The law of a constant speed of light in vacuum with the same value in all inertial frames of reference, as documented by developments in electrodynamics and optics and proven by the famous Michelson experiment (principle of special relativity), has resulted in the fact that the concept of time must be regarded as.....". Einstein elaborated his Special Theory of relativity in 1905; in optics the speed of light in matter was calculated according to Snell’s law since 1620! The results measured in the Michelson-Morley experiment cannot prove a constant value of speed of light in vacuum since the experiment was performed in the air, so there was no vacuum in the experiment!
In the optics there is not any experiment with the light described, which would prove constant speed of light in vacuum for all the wavelengths of light. On the contrary, in the optics the measurement of the speed of light performed by Edlén is published, he measured the relationship between the speed of light and the wavelengths of light!
The measurements of speed of light in matter, which I performed using Michelson, Mach-Zehnder interferometers have proved the relationship between the speed of light and the wavelength of light. The description can be found on the website [7]. Very precise measurements of the absolute light refraction index in air have been documented by the American metrological companies and are mentioned in the referenced papers [5], [6].
Einstein in his calculation of displacement of the interference patterns in the Michelson-Morley experiment states, that the speed of light in an interferometer arm is calculated as c+v, which is in contradiction with the law of the constant speed of light, which Einstein made the basis for his theory of relativity. The Michelson-Morley experiment was performed in air, the speed of light in the interferometer arms is according to the refraction index of light in air the same as c/n not as calculated c. Throughout the entire time of the rotation of the interferometer, the speed of light was identical and constant in both interferometer arms and equal to c/n, therefore the phase shift of rays of light from the interferometer arms and the resulting displacement of interference patterns were not observed. No contraction of the length of interferometer’s arms from the calculation of the propagation of light can’t be observed, if we calculate the speed of light according to the laws of optics. In order to explain why the interference patterns were not displaced during the interferometer rotation of the Lorentz contraction of the arm of the interferometer in the direction of interferometer movement, without measurement. This is a mistake made by Einstein in his theory of relativity!
Einstein in his book; The Theory of relativity [2] on page 121 writes: „According to this there is no outstanding co-ordinate system, which gives rise to the introduction of the idea of ether and so there is no ether wind and no experiment, which would lead to its evidence“. Einstein uses ether in the calculation of the interference pattern displacement in the Michelson-Morley experiment and at the same time he denies the existence of the ether. So Einstein is contradicting himself! In optics the ether was never measured in the real experiment with light; in the calculation of the optical instruments it is not used! The calculation of the optical instruments is always performed for the validity of the laws of optics.
Einstein in his paper [3], page 173 in the chapter “Deviation of the light by the gravitational field” states: “A ray of light passing close by a heavenly body is, according to this theory, bent in the direction of this body. The angle of deflection means for the ray of light in the distance of solar semi-diameter out of the Sun”. According to the observation of the astronomers there is a matter around the Sun, solar corona, not a vacuum. Einstein in his calculation of trajectory of the rays of light passing in the solar corona does not take into consideration the refractive index of light, only the gravity of the Sun. Inaccurately described and calculated astronomic observation demonstrates that Einstein did not calculate the speed of light in space taking in consideration the laws of optics. Einstein always calculates the speed of light in vacuum as c, not in matter according to the laws of optics. Observed and measured bending of rays of light from the Sun in the atmosphere of the Earth is evidence, that bending of rays of the Sun in the atmosphere takes place according to the laws of optics.
Absolute refractive index of light in the atmosphere represents a very important value in topography practice for the calculation of the measured length from the time measured by the electronic distance measuring device. The electronic distance measuring device measures the time, in which a ray of light passes the trajectory, measured in the air, at the speed of light in air. The speed of light in air is equal to the speed of light in vacuum divided by the absolute refractive index of light in the air. The length of the measured trajectory is calculated from the time measured by the electronic distance measuring device multiplied by the speed of light in the air. Absolute refractive index of light in air on the measured trajectory depends on pressure, temperature and air composition on the measured trajectory in the period of time measurement. Detailed description of the trajectory measurement used in topography practice can be found in paper [6]. From the measurement of the trajectory of a ray of light in topography practice, it can be seen how important the value of the absolute refractive index is especially in practical use.
The reference to the theory of relativity on the basis of the results measured during the measurement of refractive index by the interferometers is described in the article on the website [7]. AC converters were used to scan the displacements of the interference patterns by using phototransistors and entered them into computer in order to avoid mistakes in the calculation of the displaced interference patterns. With the help of a number of displaced interference patterns the index of light refraction and the wavelength of light in matter and in vacuum is calculated. All the measurements of refractive index of light and light wavelength in vacuum and in matter I converted by the double interferometers on the principle of the comparison of the speed of light in vacuum with the speed of light in matter. The principle of the measurement of the absolute index of refraction in the air by the double interferometer according to the laws of optics is described in the article.
Summary.
Einstein wrote his theory of relativity as a doctor (PhD) of sciences so he must have known the laws of optics. Failure to use the laws of optics in the Theory of relativity is an error in physics. The following is a summary of the non-applications of the laws of optics in the Theory of relativity:
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Einstein did not perform any measurement of the speed of light. He described the propagation of light only by thought experiment and he performed the calculations without taking into considerations the laws of optics.
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In his thought experiments with light he did not count on the existence of air and on the refractive index in the air according to the laws of optics.
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He pronounced the axiom of the constant speed of light in vacuum without measurements, in the Michelson-Morley experiment he counted with the speed of the light as c+v.
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He did not recognise the existence of ether, but in the Michelson-Morley experiment he counted with the speed of light as c+v, but v is the speed of the light in ether.
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In matter in Space he did not count the propagation of light according to the laws of optics, in space there is a lot of matter in the gaseous phase, through which light passes.
Everyone can verify the validity of my argument by measuring the light on the interferometer respecting the laws of optics.
Literature.
1. Walter Isaacson : Einstein jeho život a vesmír, PASEKA , Praha-Litomyšl, 2010
2. Albert Einstein : Teórie relativity, VUTIUM , Brno 2005
3. Albert Einstein : Jak vidím svět , Lidové noviny, Praha, 1993
4. Edlén, B.: The Refractive Index of Air. Metrologia, Vol. 2, 1966
5. Beers, J.-Doiron, T.: Verification of Revised Water Vapour Correction to the
Index of Refraction of Air Refraction of Air. Metrologia, Vol. 29, 1992,
6. Jones F. E.: Refractivity of Air. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of
Standards (United States), Vol. 86, 1981,
7. http://www.babiak.websnadno.cz/Novy-princip-merania-rychlosti-svetla-dv.html
